Friday, May 31, 2019

Essay --

About 13 years ago , America wasnt involved in any wars with any nation. Our nation deported non as many an(prenominal) immigrants as we do today, and citizens used to get through airport security in five minutes. As we plunder see a lot can change in little over a decade. Many dramatic changes needed to be changed after September 11th. The 9/11 attack stands all as a unforgettable moment in United States history, that showed the most influential effects on the America and its citizens. 19 groups of combat that were known to be associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States on September 11, 2001 ( 9/11 Attacks.). Two different planes flew into the towers of the New York City, World Trade Center. Meanwhile there was a third plane third plane hit the Pentagon that was outside Washington, D.C. The fourth plane took a wrong turn and crashed into a field in Pennsylvania. Death and dest ruction came out of the 9/11 attacks. More than 3,000 people were killed during and afterward the attacks in not only New York City but also Washington, D.C., this count did not include the 400 police officers and firefighters who also died.( 9/11 Attacks.). The human calamity of 9/11 is unbearable and immeasurable. Yet there is another cost, the kind we are known to measuring, which is the economic cost. 9/11 Affected the United states economically. scratch line it started off with the 2001 recession. In 2001, four days after the attack the economy started to drop for the first time since the Great Depression. Between the insurance cost, cost of rebuild the World Trade Center into a Memorial and Museum, the United States spent a lot of money. New York City, had 430,00... ... higher chance of developing cancer compared to those in the group that was not exposed to the dust. 135 people had cancer in a non-exposed group. This was being compared to 161 smaller sized group (9 /11 T en long time On - The Health Effects On Rescue Worker). Not all effects of 9/11 were good, but some of them changes the United states for the better. 9/11 was one of the worse days in american history that affected americans economic, security, health, and physiologically. Fortunately, the person who planned this horrible attack was found in 2011 and killed. This was a awareness of relief for american people. Yes, people are still scared about future attacks but know that this time the united states know what to do. The 9/11 attack stands alone as a unforgettable moment in United States history, that showed the most influential effects on the America and its citizens.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Snapshots of Miss Emily in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily Essay

Snapshots of Miss Emily in A Rose for Emily A Rose for Miss Emily by William Faulkner is a flooring of quiet lonliness and tragedy. The story ends on a surprising note, but one for which the reader is not totally unprepared. Faulkner very cleverly uses changing pictures of Miss Emilys physical state to give the reader a clue as to what is transpiring inside her. The picture or tableau of Emily in her childhood gives us our first clue into her strange personality. She is a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door. The scene almost blatantly reveals Emily in her youth, constrained by a wildly over-protective father. Her natural attempts to leave blank space and have relationship with the outside world are thwarted by a dark, mean, even evil-spirited father who refuses to let her leave. Our next view of Miss Emily i s close to time after her father dies. Her hair is cut short, Faulkner tells us. The strength...

Gender Opression :: essays research papers

Through the mass media, our patriarchal capitalist system has created the illusion that Womens Liberation has progressed when gender equality policies were introduced, such as equal salaries and the mighty to vote. It has convinced the common North American woman to believe that she is non socially restrained, that her accomplishments can be unlimited, that she is in total charge and control of her life. However, stately norms veiled deeply and expressed indirectly in the mass media continue to dictate and subdue lives according to gender. Seemingly innocent short TV ads, however remarkably traditional in depicting gender roles, condone and reinforce gender oppression. This paper will focus on the underlying imagery of several(prenominal) advertisements, which help perpetuate gender oppression and reinforce the patriarchial system.The first advertisement was extracted from the popular magazine Cosmopolitan, targeted to a predominantly young female adult audience. The ad illustr ates a young couple in which the man is kissing the hand of his soon-to-be wife, with an engagement ring on her finger. The picture itself places both the male and the female in their corresponding gender roles in mainstream society buying his bride an expensive ring, the man fulfills his role as Good Provider and the woman not only volitionally accepts this symbol of belonging to the man, but is extremely satisfied and blissful. This ring, of course, does not fall short of its symbolic expectations. The act of offering her a ring, the man may be seen as manifesting deep love but he is also making an investment, expressing it in the form of commitment. In a sense, this is also a form of raise and possession he is expecting her to completely give herself to him. The subtext to the slogan Platinum. For a lifetime of love also suggests a lifetime of ensured financial security and protection for the woman. It reduces the reflectivity of love to a brand of jewelry, selling it not just as a product, but as a standardized lifestyle. How can a woman become truly emancipated if she is economically dependent of man throughout her life, typically from father to husband? In the ad, the man has also fallen dupe to the expectations of his gender role in society. Under pressure to fit the masculine profile, he must financially provide for his partner and shower her with pricey gifts, not to mention choose a proper trophy wife feminine, attractive, submissive and delighted at everything he does.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

The Future of Airports and New Larger Aircraft (NLA) Essay -- Aviation

The first planing machines carried only one individual. Today an average commercial airplane pull up stakesing carry approximately four-hundred to five-hundred people. However, recently new larger aircraft (NLA) retain been designed to carry anywhere from five-hundred to eight-hundred persons. The need for NLAs has been recognized as postulate for air travel continues to increase. Furthermore, by deploying larger aircraft the problem of capacity will be intercommunicate more people on a plane will translate to a lower number of planes on the runway and while still accommodating the same number of passengers. The effects of these NLAs are far-reaching and potentially detrimental to airport management. By utilizing appropriate airport planning, managers can overcome the pitfalls related to new larger aircraft.The first consideration which must be addressed is the runway. Is the length of the runway capable of supporting the NLAs? What about the weight of the NLAs, how will they e ffect maintenance? Do airports need to be redesigned to accommodate NLAs? Thankfully, many of these types of questions have been answered. Although the maximum takeoff weight of the A380 will be over 1.2 million pounds, new and better wing and higher performance engines willallow the aircraft to operate from the same runway lengths as existing B747-400s However, accommodating the aircrafts wingspan of close to 262 feet may require significant modifications to airfields at airports intending to allot the new large aircraft. Burns & McDonnell 2001Of course, heavier aircraft will adversely excise a runways integrity. Maintenance cycles will need to be amplified in allege to remain operable. The key will be acting before the runway becomes unusable. The next iss... ...ess, trouble-free adaptation (Young and Well, pg. 473, 2011). This holistic approach aided the transition, yet the forthcoming will present new problems as demand will likely increase and NLAs will be used more widely . Learning from those who have successfully accommodated NLAs can help airport managers who have yet to engage the giants of the air. Works CitedBurns & McDonnell, (2001). Whats you NLA? How will new large aircraft affect your airport facility? Retrieved on March 27, 2012. http//www.burnsmcd.com/Resource_/Issue/283/PdfFile/aviationreport2.pdfGomes de Barros, A., Wirasinghe, S., (1997). peeled aircraft characteristics related to airport planning. Retrieved on March 27, 2012. my.fit.edu/dkirk/3241/Lectures/Atrgpap.pdf Young, S., and Wells, A., (2011). Airport planning and management. 6th Edition. New York, New York. McGraw-Hill Professional.

Cosmic Life and Death of a Star Essay examples -- physics science spac

ConceptionNebula as Star NurseriesStars ar born in the interstellar clouds of gas and dust called nebulae that are primarily found in the spiral fortify of galaxies. These clouds are composed mainly of hydrogen gas but also contain carbon paper, oxygen and mingled other elements, but we go forth see that the carbon and oxygen play a crucial role in flair shaping so they poke out special mention. A nebula by itself is not comely to form a ace however, and it requires the assistance of some outside force. A close passing star or a shock wave from a supernova or some other eventidet can have just the needed effect. It is the same root as having a number of marbles on a trampoline and then rolling a larger world through the middle of them or more or less the edges. The marbles will conglomerate around the channel of the ball, and as more marbles clump together, still more will be attracted. This is essentially what happens during the formation of a star ( prima(predicate ) Birth, 2004).If the nebula is dense enough, certain regions of it will begin to gravitationally collapse after being disturbed. As it collapses the particles begin to move more rapidly, which on a molecular level is very heat, and photons are emitted that drive off the remaining dust and gas. Once the cloud has collapsed enough to cause the core temperature to reach ten-million degrees Celsius, nuclear fusion starts in its core and this ball of gas and dust is now a star. It begins its life as a main sequence star and little does it know its entire life has already been predetermined. Although this may sound like a simple enough process there are actually several variables that must be just effective for birth to happen. For one, the mass of the collapsing particles is crucial and ther... ...e times the mass of the sun. In this case gravity is overwhelmingly rigid and is able to crush the neutron star towards zero mass. The allow is a black hole with a gravitational field str ong enough to not even let light escape (Brusca, 2004).BibliographyBrusca, Stone. Cosmos, Physics 304. Arcata, CA Dr. Stone Brusca, 2004. Miller, Coleman M. Introduction to neutron stars. University of Maryland. 22 Nov. 2004 Star death post- main sequence evolution of stars. 22 Nov. 2004 Stellar Birth. 11 Jan. 2004. 22 Nov. 2004 Tyler, Pat. Supernova. NASAs Heasarc Education and open Information. 26 Jan. 2003. 22 Nov. 2004 Cosmic Life and Death of a Star Essay examples -- physics light spacConceptionNebula as Star NurseriesStars are born in the interstellar clouds of gas and dust called nebulae that are primarily found in the spiral arms of galaxies. These clouds are composed mainly of hydrogen gas but also contain carbon, oxygen and various other elements, but we will see that the carbon and oxygen play a crucial role in star formation so they get special mention. A nebula by itself is not enough to form a star however, and it requires the assistance of some ou tside force. A close passing star or a shock wave from a supernova or some other event can have just the needed effect. It is the same idea as having a number of marbles on a trampoline and then rolling a larger ball through the middle of them or around the edges. The marbles will conglomerate around the path of the ball, and as more marbles clump together, still more will be attracted. This is essentially what happens during the formation of a star (Stellar Birth, 2004).If the nebula is dense enough, certain regions of it will begin to gravitationally collapse after being disturbed. As it collapses the particles begin to move more rapidly, which on a molecular level is actually heat, and photons are emitted that drive off the remaining dust and gas. Once the cloud has collapsed enough to cause the core temperature to reach ten-million degrees Celsius, nuclear fusion starts in its core and this ball of gas and dust is now a star. It begins its life as a main sequence star and little does it know its entire life has already been predetermined. Although this may sound like a simple enough process there are actually several variables that must be just right for birth to happen. For one, the mass of the collapsing particles is crucial and ther... ...e times the mass of the sun. In this case gravity is overwhelmingly strong and is able to crush the neutron star towards zero mass. The result is a black hole with a gravitational field strong enough to not even let light escape (Brusca, 2004).BibliographyBrusca, Stone. Cosmos, Physics 304. Arcata, CA Dr. Stone Brusca, 2004. Miller, Coleman M. Introduction to neutron stars. University of Maryland. 22 Nov. 2004 Star death post- main sequence evolution of stars. 22 Nov. 2004 Stellar Birth. 11 Jan. 2004. 22 Nov. 2004 Tyler, Pat. Supernova. NASAs Heasarc Education and Public Information. 26 Jan. 2003. 22 Nov. 2004

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

History of Latino/a Immigration to the U.S. Essay -- Immigration

Eleanor Roosevelt said, the future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams. That statement holds strong for immigrants in America. Equal approach to opportunities allows immigrants to achieve the American dream. Their success correlates with Americas success because of the contributions immigrants provide to America. Unfortunately, the current in-migration policy in America denies many immigrants the American dream. It is important to understand the historical context of immigration in America. Initially, most immigrants were from Europe and were not restricted by any immigration laws. Now, most immigrants come from Latin America but are restricted to severe immigration laws. The Hispanic/a community is one of the most severely affected groups because the current immigration system disproportionally affects Latino/as. Recognizing how the experience of Latino/a immigrants have been both similar and different in the past from new(prenominal) immigrant groups and dispelling common misconceptions about Latino/as today bring an awareness how Latino/as are affected.Latino/a immigrants share similar experiences of anti-immigrant blandishment just like some other immigrant groups. Many Latino/as in America have faced negative comments based on their identity. For example, Rush Limbaugh, a radio host, expounds negative comments toward Latino/as, particularly Mexicans. He claimed that Mexicans are a renegade, potentially criminal element that is unwilling to work (Media Matters for America, 2/28/06). These malice comments were similar to that of other immigrants. As other immigrant groups of non-English descent started arriving in America, there was an immigrant phobia towards the newcomers. During the mid-1700s, Benjamin Franklin said ... ...ves of immigrant groups such as the Indians, Chinese, and Germans have proved that prior policies have been based on anti-immigrant rhetoric at that time. Therefore, reforming the immigration policies today should not be based on racism, or nativism. In addition, it is important to dispel the misconceptions of the Latino/a immigrations today because it is a mistake to formulate polices based on preconceptions of racialized groups.Works CitedAoki, Andrew, and Okiyoshi Takeda. Asian American Politics. Polity Pr, 2009. Print.Fernandez, Lilia. Introduction to U.S. Latino/Latina History. History 324. The Ohio State University. Jennings Hall 0040, Columbus, OH, USA. Address.Media Matters for America n. pag. Web. . land War II by the Numbers. National World War II Museum n. pag. Web. .

Monday, May 27, 2019

Porter’s Five Forces Analysis done on Harley Davidson Essay

Harley Davidson remains as a dominant force in the levelheaded weight motorcycle application upholding 50% share in the heavy weight motorcycles. This year they celebrate their 110th Anniversary proudly as the only major motorcycle manufacturer to completely focus on motorcycles. (Melief, Bundgaard & Hathaway, 2006) Other major players in the Motorcycle Industry are, Honda, Yamaha, Suzuki that also have their new(prenominal) major ingathering lines inclusive of cars, watercraft, musical equipment and etc.Assessment of Strengths and Weaknesses of Current and Potential Competitors Porters Five Forces Analysis Source Vector (2012) Internal Rivalry The giant star motorcycle mart is justly concentrated with four major companies manufacturing these vehicles. Harley Davidson being one of the most experienced within the industry, Honda, Suzuki and Yamaha are the competitors that are totally from Japan. oer the past few years many market for giant motorcycles has increased annually, bu t experts are predicting even though the market is growing it will muffled down in the years to come.(Melief, Bundgaard & Hathaway, 2006) The Competitive challenge is high in motorcycle industry. Most of the time motorbikes are counted as a luxury product and pricing the products can be complex. (Oxbridge Writers, 2012) Harley Davidson offers spare parts, extended warranties, and innovative and environmental friendly motorbikes for their customers, this singularizes them from their competitors. Japans companies have marked their success by establishing a strong competitive place in the market using cheap prices as their strategy.This acts customers perception on Harley Davidsons place in the market and their prices. However, those having a predominant place in this sport do have conflicting touchs, i. e. Yamaha and Honda have diversified into musical instrument and opposite motor vehicles. . (Oxbridge Writers, 2012) This results Harley-Davidson in differentiating themselves as a loyal, specialized Motorbike Company and getting more customers. Harley Davidson has traditionally been the prevailing competitor in this market with victorious over 50% of the market share.With time it has fallen to below 50 % due to other companies expanding their heavyweight motorcycle production and growing in the market, focusing on American Consumers. (Melief, Bundgaard & Hathaway, 2006) This is because other products from competitors are becoming less distinguished and is similar to Harley Davidson Products. Recalling, back to the past it was easier to acknowledge Harley Davidson motorbikes for their unique style, but currently Japanese Manufacturers are merging pop designs to their products.As a result motorbikes from manufacturers are becoming more similar over time. This forces Harley-Davidson to focus more on their branding to maintain the customers. This can be an advantage to them, since Harley is known internationally for their brand, many people would prefer a Harl ey over a Honda or Suzuki. But can also be a downfall since Japanese companies has been improving their products with time. Threat of New Entrants This industry has a very high entry barrier, as it requires high capital to enter to the market. correspondent to most manufacturing industries there are significant economies involved in building motorbikes. (NCCU, 2012) The manufacturing price of a similar product is extremely high in this industry even for a small scale. This is basically one of the main reasons there are only four major players in the industry. There are both(prenominal) small-scale motorcycle creators whose business s fully focused on reputation and appeal to motorcycle devotees, to build utterly customized bikes. They do not build enough motorbikes to threaten the major players in the industry.They do not affect the position of Harley Davidson in the market but can be an added advantage since it increases interest of motorbikes in the public. Threat of Substitutes and Complements Heavyweight motorcycles are a luxury item for the majority of consumers, so there are very less similar substitutes for heavyweight motorbikes that could seriously affect the market and consumers. (Melief, Bundgaard & Hathaway, 2006) The Japanese manufacturers focus their designs more on smaller, quicker motorbikes that is the closest substitute followed by cars and scooters.Heavyweight bikes portray a current persona, which is a part of the buyers influences on choosing a motorbike. Smaller bikes are for different riding styles and purposes. They are designed for a different lay position unlike the heavyweight motorbikes. Passenger cars can be a substitute for heavyweight motorbikes but it is a weak substitute. (NCCU, 2012) Motorbike consumers rarely acquire Harleys to fulfill transportation wants. Harley Davidson bikes are more of a luxury item than a necessity to travel. Motorbikes maybe easy to travel in heavy traffic and consume less gasoline compared to a c ar.If a consumer choses a motorbike for the above mentioned reasons, it would be more reasonable to buy a brightness level motorbike, which would be easier to handle and fuel efficient than a heavyweight motorcycle. The most profound complement for a heavyweight motorbike is gasoline/petrol. If fuel prices were high consumers would not consider purchasing a heavyweight bike, because most journeys taken by the bike on such a bike is highly discretionary and will be used for pleasure rather than for transport necessities.Nevertheless, most of the heavyweight bike consumers are willing to pay between $8000 and $30,000 for this luxury vehicle, they would not mind paying just a little extra for fuel. bargain Power of Suppliers According to Melief, Bundgaard & Hathaway (2006), Harley Davidson operates nearly every stage of the production of a motorcycle, taking raw materials such as steel and basic electrical components and shipping completed motorcycles to its extensive independent d ealership network.Because there are many suppliers of all inputs that Harley Davidson requires for its manufacturing operations there is very little that any single supplier can do the exact rents from Harley. This phrase proves that even if one supplier tries to rev up its profits/prices it would not be much of a deal for Harley to switch suppliers without interruption in production. Preferred suppliers approach reduced the number of suppliers Harley Davidson worked with and improved the case of the suppliers as well these long-term contracts and relationship protected Harley Davidson from supplier price increase.(NCCU, 2012) This also grew trust between the suppliers and Harley and their suppliers gained more profit as Harley improved their business. Bargaining Power of Consumers Similar to the Suppliers, Harley Davidsons customers are of large population of individual consumers, making it difficult to badly affect Harley Davidsons monetary situation by refusing to corporate. (Melief, Bundgaard & Hathaway 2006) Even though Harleys dealerships are individually owned and operated the companies customers are officially their licensed dealers.But the sheer number of dealers that Harley has all over the military personnel makes situation for dealers not much better than individual riders. Harley commands their customers to buy the product in order to gain profit since Harley is aging they also need to gain more new loyal riders. Each Harley Davidson purchase is by an individual even though one person would not drastically affect the financial earnings of the company it is essential to sell the individual experience to each customer to reach more Markets and combine these sales to improve financial strength. (NCCU, 2012)

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Cultural nursing Essay

Australia is home to one of the most paganly diverse populations in the world, and the population continues to grow (National Health and aesculapian Research Council, 2006). This expanding diversity creates a potpourri of cultural attitudes, beliefs and values unlike the dominant Westernised view. The cultural differences impact on how great deal understand and experience end up-of- carriage in the country. Customary recitations of caring for the terminally ill that permeates in most Afri ass communities differ vastly from that of Australians someoneistic finish (Hiruy & Mwanri, 2013). African coating is of a collectivistic nature whereby autonomy is devalued and the communities or families atomic number 18 expected to financial aid for the sick. As with most heathenish nonage throngs, this culture can become altered or suppressed when subjected to the influences of an otherwise oerriding culture (Kirmayer, 2012).For these reasons, the aim of the paper is to facilitate an understanding of the process to achieve culturally adapted aid. This paper begins with a description of an interaction between a student nurse who held a western set of values and a tolerant of African origin. The paper then discusses the cultural biasness against the minority group as well as the office staff relationships involved resulting in the suppression of the African end of life practices. A reflective discussion regarding the best approach to deliver culturally competent c are during the interaction will also be presented.Case schoolingTalib (pseudonym) was an African man in his 80s who was transferred to the palliative care hospital cover following an episode of cardiac arrest. When the student nurse first encountered Talib and his family, they appeared to be reserved and unbroken to themselves most of the time. Talibs family took on the task of nurse Talib and refused to leave him alone even during the night shift. Talibs family members also regularly communica ted on behalf of Talib even though the patient was fluent in English. Accordingly, the student nurses provision of nursing care was limited. The first day of Talibs stay on the hold also saw the arrival of over 80 visitors. In African culture, members of the community are expected to visit and pay their respects to someone nearing the end of life (Hiruy & Mwanri, 2013). This practice is especially significant in Talibs case as he was a well-respected leader ofhis community.Though the intentions of these visitors were directed by their culture, the norms of the ward did non permit such practices. Initially, the ward tried to accommodate the sudden influx of visitors. Other nurses were involved with the additional task of crowd-controlling and reminding the visitors to be considerate of other patients. As the visitors became more disruptive and unmanageable, hospital security was called in to escort them out. Moreover, the sheer number of visitors arriving to pay their respects was exhausting Talib who appeared to be fatiguing and sleeping end-to-end these visits. The student nurse and her preceptor discussed with the family regarding the regulation of visitors. This created conflicts within the family as Talibs daughter felt her father needed some respite from the visitors. However, Talibs babe wanted him to receive a send-off that was worthy of his status. The situation was contained when the student nurse and her preceptor raised the issue with the medical practitioners who imposed a limitation on the number of visitors allowed. cultural biasness and its impactEach person is a bearer of his or her own culture, values and attitudes and hence is subjected to ethnocentric tendencies and cultural botheration (Wells, 2000). In an interview of over 90 English nurses, ethnocentric practices and cultural biasness against ethnic minority group were still reported in current nursing practices (Vydelingum, 2006). Self-assessment can pave the way to caring effectiv ely for a patient or family from another culture as healthcare providers develop culturally aesthesia to differences (Calvillo et al., 2009). Nurses who cultivate a habit of reflecting on their own cultural values, attitudes, beliefs and practices will be more aware of the influence of their own culture on form practices (Culley, 2006). When nursing the culturally different, nurses need to perceive and understand the significance of those differences and how that can be responded to within the nursing practice.Within the Australian context, there is a centralize on the em partment of patients (Williamson & Harrison, 2010). While involving patients with healthcare discussions is a step towards attaining empowerment, this may not be the case in a collectivistic culture. Many cultures do not share theprincipal value of individualism (Davis, 1999). In collectivist cultures, individuals do not concern themselves with healthcare decisions, instead family members or community are often the designated arbiters (Kanitsaki, 2003). As Talibs cultural practice dictates that the responsibility of his care belongs to his family, the student found it difficult to engage with the patient and his family and establish a redress relationship with them. The student was also frustrated at the lack of opportunities to communicate directly with Talib. She felt that she was not able to identify his healthcare needs and thus, not able to deliver any nursing care.In addition, the student nurse also received a culture shock with regards to the response of the community. The number of people who poured in to visit Talib was beyond her comprehension. Due to the lack of exposure to such encounters, the student was uncertain with regards to handling the situation. She was more familiar with her Western ways of suffer and took that as a benchmark for normalcy. This belief is fortified by other patients and their family on the ward who were mainly of Australian descent. When a persons usance are threatened by other unfamiliar cultural practices, he or she can become defensive and dwell on their own ethnocentric values (Ruddock & Turner, 2007). Undeniably, the student nurse was affected by the incongruence in culture. She was initially puzzled but reported feeling annoyance as she saw visitors actions as disturbances rather than cultural practices.Power relationshipsGiven the hierarchical nature of the health care setting, asymmetrical power is present throughout any level of relationships including organisational and individual (Ramsden, 2002). The professional culture as set out by the hospital privileges ritualised routine care, leaving little room for nurses to work in a culturally safe manner (Richardson & MacGibbon, 2010). The power imbalance further pervades at the individual level as nurses put one over an inherent role power over patients (Kuokkanen & Leino-Kilpi, 2000). This power often underpinned the nurses professional practices and interactions. In order for patients to receive effective healthcare, nurses have the responsibility to analyse and understand these power relationships. Powerimbalances should be managed to avoid isolate patients and promote equitable nursing care. Even so, nurses will still make the conscious decision to exercise their power as a form of mastery which occurred in Talibs situation (Gallant, Beaulieu, & Carnevale, 2002).Power relationships in the above case study involved both the institution and the nurses which interplayed with each other. The most obvious actor of control was the institution. In the name of patient safety and enforcement of order in the ward, hospitals will put in force policies and guide traces which are carried out by the employees. This unwittingly or advertently dictates the actions of nurses and impacts on their decision-making and nursing care (Kuokkanen & Leino-Kilpi, 2000). The cultural need of Talib and his community, however, presented a major challenge to upholding o rder and control within the ward. Consequently, the cultural practice was overruled in favour of preserving the ward environment. The nurses in the case study were authorised to regulate the behaviours of patients and their visitors. Talib and his community were subjected to the nurses power to enforce hospital guidelines and polices when the visitors were forced out of the ward by hospital security.The decision to call in security was solely that of the nurses without any prior notice to Talib and his community. The author and her preceptor also brought up the sentiment of imposing restrictions on the influx of visitors to the medical practitioners. While the doctors order to restrict the number of visitors was made in consultation with Talibs daughter, it was scarcely the consensus of other family members. The agreement to the visitor restriction may be an attempt to avoid another confrontation with security by assimilating into the hospital culture while compromising on their c ultural practice. In this manner, the African community was disempowered by both healthcare providers and institutions.Lessons learntCulturally safe care has its basis in cultural awareness and cultural sensitivity (Phiri, Dietsch, & Bonner, 2010). The ability to be culturally sensitive is developed from openness towards cultural diversity and respect for these differences (Campinha-Bacote, 2003). Appreciating the underlying forces that press certain cultural practices can also contribute todeveloping cultural sensitivity (Ramsden, 2002). Thus, for nurses to acquire the knowledge, skills and attitudes that are pertinent to the delivery of culturally safe care that is congruent with the patients needs, they have to recognise the patients cultural system and norms. Nurses will need to be aware of their own prejudices to scramble stereotyping and categorising which can affect their approach towards the acceptance of culturally different end-of-life practices (Chenowethm, Jeon, Goff, & Burke, 2006).The understanding of a culture should not be confined to rituals, customs and practices of a group alone. Learning about a single aspect of one culture does not provide insight into the complexity of peoples behaviours their cultural realities (Duffy, 2001). In reality, culture is complicated and difficult to define. In order to maintain cultural safety and accommodate for cultural differences without disregarding diversity and individual considerations, nurses have to run for away from a checklist approach to provision of care (Peiris, Brown, & Cass, 2008). Individual variations exist within each ethnic group. Talibs daughter decided to put the health of her father above that of her cultural practices and against the wishes of other family members. Therefore, nurses have to tailor their care accordingly while respecting the overall cultural-defined norms and allowing for those individual differences.Provision of culturally competent careCulturally competent care is supported by both communication and recognition of diversity within and between groups of culture ( care for Council of New Zealand, 2011). In line with this concept, Andrews and Boyle proposed that nurses need to possess certain skills in order to deliver culturally competent care (Andrews & Boyle, 2008). Cultural self-assessment and addressing communication needs are two of the skills that are applicable to this case study. When caring for culturally diverse patients, nurses have a higher tendency to display inadequacy in their communication (Donnelly, 2000). Misconceptions regarding these patients can arise, preeminent to a lack of respect for those with cultural values different from ones own. This was manifested by the student nurse who was in effect demonstrating ethnocentrism. She made a fallible judgment of viewing Talibs culturalpractices from the dominant cultural lens.By believing that the only way to identify Talibs healthcare needs was through the patient without consi dering his family and community was characteristic of an individualistic view. In addition, the student nurses ethnocentric view of Western bereavement culture as proper and rational, while the African culture was disruptive was indicative of a racist undertone. It was important to acknowledge the patients ownership and control over their cultural knowledge, customs and beliefs and recognise these as the reality (Karnilowicz, 2011). The student nurse should have communicated with Talibs family members with regards to their needs as they are the main decision makers in Talibs health care. In addition, the nurses took matters into their own hands by deciding to impose visitor restrictions and kicking the visitors out. A more culturally sensitive manner is to discuss with Talibs family as they may be able to negotiate and control their visitors in a way that is less degrading than expelling them from the ward. expirationCulture has a pronounced influence on how patients, their familie s and healthcare providers view end-of-life experiences. Understanding the cultural differences could enhance the cultural competence and culturally safe practices of nurses. This expression has attempted to illuminate some of the cultural differences displayed by Africans living in Australia and how these may lead to diverged end of life needs in these communities. These differences have implications for how let palliative care can be provided to them. Before attempting to accommodate to those differences, it is imperative that nurses possess cultural awareness through recognising their own cultural realities and prejudices.Understanding the power relations played out in the hospital setting is a step towards enhancing the implementation of culturally safe care. Apart from the inherent dominance nurses have over patients, institutions also have bearing over how nurses exert these powers leading to suppression of certain cultural practices. It is necessary for systems and individu als to learn about the customary beliefs of the patient and avoid generalising patients who belong to the same culture as individual differences exist. By acknowledging the various cultures and their norms, it is anticipated that the provision of culturallycompetent end-of-life care to these ethnic minority groups can be attained.ReferenceAndrews, M. M., & Boyle, J. S. (2008). transcultural Concepts in treat Care Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Calvillo, E., Clark, L., Ballantyne, J. E., Pacquiao, D., Purnell, L. D., & Villarruel, A. M. (2009). Cultural capacity in baccalaureate nursing education. daybook of Transcultural Nursing, 20(2), 137-145. Campinha-Bacote, J. (2003). Many faces Addressing diversity in health care. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 8(1), 3. Chenowethm, L., Jeon, Y. H., Goff, M., & Burke, C. (2006). Cultural competency and nursing care an Australian perspective. International Nursing Review, 53(1), 34-40. doi 10.1111/j.1466-7657.2006. 00441.x Culley, L. (2006). Transcending transculturalism? Race, ethnicity and health-care. Nursing inquiry, 13(2), 144-153. doi 10.1111/j.1440-1800.2006.00311.x Davis, A. J. (1999). Global influence of American nursing Some ethical issues. Nursing Ethics, 6(2), 118-125. Donnelly, P. L. (2000). Ethics and cross-cultural nursing. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 11(2), 119-126. Duffy, M. E. (2001). A critique of cultural education in nursing. Journal of advanced nursing, 36(4), 487-495. Gallant, M. H., Beaulieu, M. C., & Carnevale, F. A. (2002). Partnership An analysis of the concept within the nurseclient relationship. Journal of advanced nursing, 40(2), 149-157. doi 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02357.x Hiruy, K., & Mwanri, L. (2013). End-of-life experiences and expectations of Africans in Australia Cultural implications for palliative and hospice care. Nursing Ethics. doi 10.1177/0969733012475252 Kanitsaki, O. (2003). Foreword Transcultural nursing and challenging the status quo. Cont emporary Nurse, 15(3), v-x. doi 10.5172/conu.15.3.v Karnilowicz, W. (2011). Identity and psychological ownership in inveterate illness and disease state. European journal of cancer care, 20(2), 276-282. doi 10.1111/j.1365-2354.2010.01220.x Kirmayer, L. J. (2012). Cultural competence and evidence-based practice in mental health epistemic communities and the politics of pluralism. affable Science & Medicine, 75(2), 249-256. Kuokkanen, L., & Leino-Kilpi, H. (2000).Power and empowerment in nursing Three theoretical approaches. Journal ofadvanced nursing, 31(1), 235-241. National Health and Medical Research Council. (2006). Cultural competency in health A guide for policy, partnerships and participation. Canberra, Australia Retrieved from http//www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/hp19.pdf. Nursing Council of New Zealand. (2011). Guidelines for cultural safety, the Treaty of Waitangi, and Maori health in nursing and obstetrics education and practice. Wellington Nursing Council of New Zealand. Peiris, D., Brown, A., & Cass, A. (2008). Addressing inequities in access to quality health care for indigenous people. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 179(10), 985-986. Phiri, J., Dietsch, E., & Bonner, A. (2010). Cultural safety and its importance for Australian midwifery practice. Collegian, 17(3), 105-111. doi http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2009.11.001 Ramsden, I. (2002). Cultural safety and nursing education in Aotearoa and Te Waipounamu. Doctor of Philosophy, Victoria University of Wellington. Richardson, F., & MacGibbon, L. (2010). Cultural safety Nurses account of negotiating the order of things. New Zealand Womens Studies Journal, 24(2), 54-65. Ruddock, H. C., & Turner, D. S. (2007). Developing cultural sensitivity Nursing students experiences of a study abroad programme. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 59(4), 361-369. doi 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04312.x Vydelingum, V. (2006). Nurses experiences of caring for South Asian minority ethnic patie nts in a general hospital in England. Nursing Inquiry, 13(1), 23-32. Wells, M. I. (2000). Beyond cultural competence A model for individual and institutional cultural development. Journal of community health nursing, 17(4), 189-199. Williamson, M., & Harrison, L. (2010). Providing culturally appropriate care A literature review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(6), 761-769. doi http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.12.012

Friday, May 24, 2019

Human Growth And Development Discusion Essay

Part 1Many people think that human development means childhood development from cause to adolescence. This assumption had been supported by the developmental theories of Freud and Piaget. However, we will learn through appear this course that development does not end at the start of adulthood it continues bank the end-of-life. This is the life span perspective of development. Describe the importance of the life span perspective of development. Describe some of the main hallmarks of each one of these groups, using your receive life experiences and observations rationalise why each one of these areas is important to study.Childhood is when one learns what emotions work and how to deal with them, how ones own body works. Its also when you figure out your role in society, ilk what school activities you want to play and what extra curricular activites you want to do and what your strong suits are. Adolescence is more of that growning up point. Maturing, if you will. Learning what its like to gain some responsibility and start thinking about a future or what you want to be when you grow up so to speak. due dateOld AgeJustify your answers with appropriate reasoning and research from your text and course readings. Comment on the postings of at least two peers, and provide an analysis of each peers postings while also suggesting specific additions or clarifications for improving the discussion question response.Part 2Several theories attempt to get human development.Briefly describe how Freud, Erickson, and Piaget developed their theories. Explain why there is much criticism about race, ethnicity, gender, and social and economic status when it comes to human ingathering and development theories. Choose two theories, each from a different area (e.g., psychoanalytic, cognitive, and behavioral or social cognitive theories). Briefly describe their main features, explain their major similarities and differences.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

History Of Oslo Essay

capital of Norway is Norways capital city. capital of Norway came from the Old Norse word os meaning throne and lo meaning plain or river . In separate words, Oslo can be described as a beat beneath the mountains (Oslo 2006). flock of German origin may have settled in the settlements along the Oslo Fjord who moved up to the north from mainland Europe (Zelko 63). The startle spare settlement in Oslo was in the 8th century. (Oslo 2006). The first people of who inhabited Oslo lived in humble wooden houses with turf roofs that was surround with pens or sheds for goats, sheep and cows (Oslo City 2006).Like all the other settlers of Norway, the people were grouped together in the form of a tribe and those who were land giveers met with his other landed neighbors in a public assembly called Thing. Legislative assemblies were called Lagtings (Zelko 63). During the Vi baron age, AD800-1000 Oslo settlers grew rapidly as it had become the center for trade and shipbuilding activities and later it clear the name the Viking Capital (Oslo 2006). Viking means a man from Vik, a huge bay between the Cape Lindesnes in Norway and the mouth of Gota River in Sweden (Britannica 1033).Norwegian Vikings, like other Vikings of Denmark and Sweden, were feared all over Europe as they had superior ships and weapons as well developed military organization. They were basically endowed with terrible hunger for adventure (Britannica 1034). Norwegian Vikings were known to be ruthless and brave fighters who killed their victims and greedily loots their conquered settlements and when they were done plundering destroyed the place with fire. They changed the face of Europe as they engaged in raiding and trade and so finally attracted by their conquered lands settled to live thither.Their target places were mostly westbound European countries such as England, Scotland, and Iceland. Their active participation in trading had renewed the neglected European commerce of the middle Ages. Their contact with Western Europe was instrumental for their Christianization and eventually jointure of Norway (Britannica 1033). In 885 the first Viking Monarch, Harold the Fair-haired united Norway (Halsey 239). During his reign the settlers of Norway, including Oslo, were comm whole engaged in blood feuds, fightings that involve almost, if not all, disagreeing families.Even minor disputes can incite the killing and maiming of both members of the quarreling families and if not settled can start an endless round of retaliation. The violence can be finally stopped when offending families compensation the wronged families which they called bot. Sometimes family feuds were brought to the attention of the Lagtings who will decide the outcome of the disputes and impose penalties. The worst penalty they can give at that time was known as outlawrya sentence that regarded the offender as if he died already. All his goods were taken away from him and he cannot exercise or claim any legal ri ghts.In fact, anyone can kill him without facing the risk of penalty. These condemned people were left with no choice but to leave their homeland or live in the timberland as an outlaw (Tseng 24). In 1050 Harald Hardrade or King Harald III officially founded Oslo and made it the center of southwestwardern Norway. This site was located at the eastern side of the harbor on the left bank of the small Akers River (Halsey 239). Harald died in 1066 and his death ended the Viking period as raidings stopped (Norway 2007). Oslo experienced a great era during the reign of Haakon V who was crowned in 1299.He decided to build the Akershus fortress in Olso to serve as his home with his married woman Euphemia of Rugens, a Northern German princess (Oslo 2006). He made Oslo the capital of Norway replacing Bergen. This time Oslo and the rest of Norway enjoyed relative peace (Norway 2007). In 1318 Norway was united with the kingdom of Sweden when Duke Erik of Sweden married Princess Ingebjorg, dau ghter of Queen Euphemia and Hakon V Magnusson. The unification of both countries was officially signed in the Bishops castle now at once know as Oslo Ladergard (Oslo City 2006).The saddest event that occurred in the early history of Oslo was the Black Death that terrorized the world in 1349. It was estimated that fractional of Oslos population died during the time of the Black Death or bubonic plague. Bubonic plague was carried by fleas in rats from England (Oslo 2006). Because of the loss of its inhabitants and defame to agriculture Norway united together with Denmark and Sweden via the Union of Kalmar 1397(Norway 2007). During this time Copenhagen, instead of Oslo, was selected as the actual capital of Norway.Consequently Oslo lost it political importance and was save regarded as a provincial administrative center while the kings lived in Copenhagen and Stockholm from 1400-1500 (Oslo City 2006). In 1523, however, Sweden dropped out of the union, and weaker Norway was left in t he billing of Danish Kings(Norway 2007). Part 2 Modern Era Reformation Period Like the rest of mainland Europe, Oslo was greatly affected by the Lutheran Protestant Reformation of 1537 when the German Monk Martin Luther questioned the laws of Roman Catholic Church and sought to reform the religious beliefs of the Europeans.Oslo citizens were engaged in religious conflicts(Thodock 2003). The catholic bishop of Oslo, Hans step up was converted to Protestantism despite the reluctance of the citizens( OsloCity 2006). Since Oslo had passably lost its political and scotch importance as a city at this time as it was being ruled by Denmark most of the buildings constructed there was only made of wood so that the city was easily destroyed by fire in 1624. King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway decided to move the town to the right bank of the Akers River and rebuild it near the Akershus Fortress.The city buildings were constructed in a Renaissance city style with rectangular blocks and renamed it Christiania (Halsey). Scientific Revolution The scientific revolution changed the worlds beliefs immaculately, and Norway is in the heart of it Religious beliefs were turn up to be wrong and questions were answered. Copernicus first with his opinion on the heliocentric theory, Galileo second with proof of Copernicus theory, and Newton third with the laws of gravity to explain how and why the planets revolved just about the sun. EnlightenmentDuring the 1700s the Age of Reason or the Enlightenment flourished in Europe particularly to the Norwegian trading partners of Great Britain and Holland. In these places people were laborious to improve their lives with the use of reason instead of following traditional religious or accepted beliefs. Contact with the enlightened British and Dutch affected the casual life of the inhabitants of Christiania. Norwegian traders brought home with them not only the prized cargoes of tobacco, coffee, tea and spices but also enlightened ide as.They constructed luxurious houses with magnificent gardens in accordance with the style western Europe (Oslo City 2006). Napoleonic wars At first, Denmark and Norway attempted to remain neutral in the Napoleonic wars between France and England and their respective allies in 1805. However, England attacked the entire Danish fleet in 1807 as a result Denmark joined with France against Britain (Britannica 1034). Britain cut-off trading with Norway and set up a continental blockade against Denmark and Norway wherein British navy prevented the goods from both Norway and Denmark in reaching its trading partners .This action greatly affected the economy of Norway. The export of fish and timber from Christiania as well as the import of grain from Denmark were blocked. As a result, citizens of Christiania faced an economic crisis and suffered hunger. To end their trouble, Britain loosened up its blockade against Norway in 1810-13(Oslo 1991). In 1814 the king of Denmark was forced to give up Norway to Sweden in a Treaty of Kiel when Napoleon I was defeated (Oslo 2006). Eager to rebuild their government the Norwegian created its first constitution on May 17 the same year and Christiania became the capital city.In time, Christiania replaced its rival Bergen as Norways too largest city. The people storeyed with joy as Christiania was expected to reclaim its old glory without giving much thought at first that they were still under the simpleness of a foreigner, Sweden. As a capital city, Christiania once again becomes important politically and economically. For its newly acquired role, new monumental buildings were erected as a venue for important functions. . They were the Royal Palace, Bank of Norway and the stock exchange Oslo Bors.Later, most Christiania citizens joined with the rest of Norway in demanding for a complete control of their own affairs. They did not want to recognize the provisions of the Treaty of Kiel and instead preferred a Danish King to rule th em. Because of the political unrest , Sweden was forced to pay the Act of Union of 1815,that gave Norway the privilege of having its own army, navy and parliament(Storting) and was permitted to control their own internal affairs in exchange for their strict compliance to the Treaty of Kiel(Oslo 2006).Renaissance Period Because of their internal independence, Christiania economic and political power rose. By mid 1800s, Christiania grew into a major administrative, economic and military center. The economic success brought about by the shipping and agricultural industry made Christiania a dominant economic city of Norway (World Book 1981). The site of rapid industrial revolution in Oslo started at the Aker River around 1840. The development of Industries relied in the electricity provided by this River.Old buildings along the River were demolished and replaced with concrete large textile industrial buildings . Because of the increased jobs offered by industries the population of Chri stiania increased as peasants and rural populace moved to the cities hoping find work. In the beginning of the industrial Revolution Christianias industrial workers, like most of European industrial cities, lived in poverty since income was low. They mostly lived in crowded houses meant for workers in which sanitization was bad.As a result, sickness was common and spread easily. To augment family income, the children aged below ten were forced to work in the industries, an environment that was not contributing(prenominal) for their well-balanced growth. In fact, industries were noisy and dusty. They caused water and air pollution. Because of this, the health of the children suffered and their resistance to sickness decreased as they lacked the time to play and sleep. In fact, schoolwork was necessarily neglected (Off 2007). Revolutions of 1848The political revolutions in Europe in 1848 had increased the desire of Norway to demand for independence from Sweden. In the late 1800s pop ular Norwegian playwrights Henrik Ibsen and Bjornstjerne Bjorjornson staged a play in Christianias theater with a theme about political hypocrisy, rights of women and social problems. These plays helped Norwegians develop a wizard of nationalism. In 1901 the city of Christiania was selected by the notable Swedish inventor, Alfred Nobel to be the site for the awarding of the most prestigious Noble Peace Prize (Lundestad 2001).By 1905 Sweden granted independence to Norway and Christiania at last was freed from foreign interference that began 1300s (Halsey 240). Industrial Revolution World War One was inevitable collectible to industrialization and the desire each country had to become supreme. Firstly, relationships between the nations of the world were dramatically altered by the Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century. Tensions between the industrial powers began to rise. The intensity between the industrial powers grew more and more as each country sought to expand its sp here of influence at the expense of others.Secondly, there was a growing desire by ethnic populations within the larger countries to become independent nations. Norway separated from Sweden and revolts occurred in colonies such as China, Zimbabwe, Namibia, and Ireland. War broke out in the Balkans in 1912 and again in 1913, as Bulgaria, Serbia, Macedonia, and Greece fought first the Ottoman Empire and then Austria-Hungary. Lastly, Colonies around the world were a valuable summation for supporting the host countrys economy. The great European powers needed raw materials and outlets for their goods.They wanted to expand into new colonies while still protecting the ones they already had. World War I The economy of Christiania steadily grew until before World War I. When the First World War broke out in 1914 Norway declared its neutrality. However, Christiania benefited economically from the war by carrying British cargoes inspite the loss of Norwegian lives and ships that were caught in the war (Compton 610). After the war Christiania settled grit to its normal life. In 1924, Christiania was renamed back to Oslo (Oslo City 2006). World War II.On April 9, 1940 Oslo was defeated by the Germans almost with only a slight resistance due the betrayal of Norwegian Officer and Fascist politician Vidkun Quisling who collaborated with the Nazis. As a result, the city was only slightly damaged during the war (Halsey 239). In 1942 Germany installed a puppet government in Norway under National Union leader Vidkun Quisling. However, the Norwegians resisted the Germans and its puppet regime. Oslo became a place of opposition strikes. Other citizens were secretly involved in the large- exfoliation industrial sabotage and espionage on behalf of the allied powers.(Oslo 2006). During their occupation of the city the Nazis used Akershus as a prison and place of execution for those convicted of allied conspiracy and today its the site of Norways Resistance Museum, which provided a detailed account of German takeover and the Norwegian struggle against it (Thodock 2003). The German forces that overrun Norway surrendered in May 8, 1945 enabling the exiled King Hakon VII to return to Norway from London in June. Oslo then began to rebuild its ruin buildings while at the same time prosecuted about 90,000 alleged cases of treason and defection.Convicted traitors faced execution foremost of which was Vidkun Quisling (Oslo 2006). War had been going on for a very long time when it came to The Cold War, the postwar to World War II. After World War II, as the Cold War began two major alliances were created. Although, in World War I a systems of alliances did not work, the systems of alliances that formed after World War II were bigger and they werent buddy-buddy alliances. These two alliances were formed to bring peace throughout the world, to end The Cold War, and to prevent anymore future high scale wars.Toward the end of the war, hostility between Norwegians and the German occupying forces grew considerably stronger. A prime cause was the German withdrawal from all fronts. Retreating German units from the fronts in the north, the USSR and Finland, withdrew to Norwegian territory. In the autumn of 1944, the Red Army followed the Germans into Finnmark, where it liberated Kirkenes and the northeastern areas. As the occupying troops retreated, they ordered an evacuation of the entire Norwegian population in Finnmark and in Troms south to Lyngen.In Lyngen, three German army corps dug in. Then the entire region north of Lyngen was burned and destroyed. The destruction included 10,400 homes, bridges, power stations, factories, search vessels, telephone facilities and other types of infrastructure. The scorched earth area was much larger than all of Denmark. After the Soviet Red Army crossed into North Norway, a Norwegian military mission and a small number of Norwegian soldiers from Great Britain and Sweden followed. The Russians withdrew from Norway in September 1945, a few months after the German capitulation.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Chemistry Titration Lab

Table 1 Data Collection Table Contains all of the primary data directly obtained from the research lab. Indicator Initial book of NaOH in buret (ml) 0. 05 Final Volume of NaOH in burette (ml) 0. 05 Final initial Burette Reading (Volume of NaOH mapd) (ml) 0. 1 Qualitative Observations Phenolphthalein 0. 00 0. 90 0. 9 At first when the paper was being dropped into the vinegar there wasnt a food colouring change, however when the antecedents came close to full titration, the solution would wind pink and once mixed would turn clear again 0. 90 2. 30 1. 4 2. 30 3. 20 0. 9 3. 20 4. 0 0. 9 Bromothymol piquant 8. 00 9. 50 1. 5 resolution turned from yellow to get out green 9. 50 11. 10 1. 6 rootage turned from a sil very yellow to bright blue so whizzr than a light green indicating over-titration had occur inflamed 11. 10 12. 90 1. 8 12. 90 14. 40 1. 5 14. 40 15. 90 1. 5 Methyl O unravel 15. 90 16. 90 1. 0 Reaction occurred quick, over-titration occurred an d solution turned from red to orange 16. 90 17. 20 0. 3 17. 20 17. 40 0. 2 17. 40 17. 60 0. 2 17. 60 17. 80 0. 2 Methyl Red 0. 00 5. 00 5. 0 5. 00 7. 80 2. Solution turned from red to a light orange/yellow discolor 7. 80 10. 70 2. 9 10. 70 13. 60 2. 9 13. 60 16. 50 2. 9 Bromocresol Green 20. 80 21. 20 0. 4 Solution turned from yellow to light green 21. 20 21. 60 0. 4 21. 60 22. 00 0. 4 Table 2 Data Processing Table displaying the loudness of NaOH necessitate to titrate 10ml of vinegar and their corresponding parsimony of acetic dose Indicator Volume of NaOH required to titrate 10mL of Vinegar (ml) (0. 1) assiduousness of Acetic blistering 0. 5 (mol/l) Percent Uncertainty (%) Percent Error (%) Phenolphthalein 0. 0. 9mol/dm3 11. 1 3. 4 Bromothymol Blue 1. 5 1. 5mol/dm3 6. 7 72. 0 Methyl Orange 0. 2 0. 2mol/dm3 50. 0 -77. 0 Methyl Red 2. 9 2. 9mol/dm3 3. 5 233. 0 Bromocresol Green 0. 4 0. 4mol/dm3 25. 0 -54. 0 Sample Calculations Ex. The calculatio n of the concentration of acetic savage for phenolphthalein NaOH Volume 0. 9ml NaOH Concentration 1. 00mol/dm3 1. Convert Volume to Litres 0. 9 = 0. 0009L 1000 1. Calculate the moles of NaOH (n=CV) n= (1. 00mol/dm3) (0. 0009L) = 0. 0009mol 2. Calculate the concentration of the thin out acetic sultry.Because acetic acid and atomic number 11 hydrated oxide cod a 11 ratio, they have the homogeneous number of moles. C = 0. 0009mol = 0. 09 0. 01L 3. Calculate the initial concentration of acetic acid pre-dilution C1V1 = C2V2 C1(0. 01L) = (0. 09mol/L)(0. 1) Concentration of Acetic Acid = 0. 9mol/L Sample Calculations Continued 4. calculating percent uncertainty = absolute uncertainty x 100 Measurement 1 role model Calculating the percent uncertainty for the volume of NaOH required when methyl red is used = 0. 1 x 100 2. 9 1 = 3. 5% Therefore, the volume of NaOH required when methyl red is used as the indicator is 2. 9ml 3. % 5. Uncertainty propagation for the volume of NaOH requi red for each indicator (0. 9 0. 1) + (1. 5 0. 1) + (0. 2 0. 1) + (2. 9 0. 1) + (0. 4 0. 1) = 5. 9ml 0. 5 6. Calculating percent error Percent error = Actual accepted x 100 accepted Example Calculating percent error for phenolphthalein Percent error = 0. 9 0. 87 x 100 0. 87 = 3. 4% Methyl Red Methyl Red Bromothymol Blue Bromothymol Blue Bromocresol Green Bromocresol Green Methyl Orange Methyl Orange Phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein Graph 1 Titration curve representing the effect of the volume of NaOH on the pH of the titration solution at leftover blockageConclusion This lab tested the effect of the use of different indicators on the volume of NaOH required to reach the end sign of the titration with acetic acid in vinegar. The equation for this response is CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCH3COO(aq) + H2O(l) The As one piece of ass calculate from graph 1 the provides of this lab demonstrated that the indicators that required different volumes of sodium hydroxide to reach end pip from to the lowest degree amount of volume required to most was with the use of methyl orange, bromocresol green, phenolphthalein, bromothymol blue and lastly methyl red.Therefore, the highest volume of NaOH that was required to change the color of the vinegar occurred when using methyl red, and the smallest volume of NaOH that was required to change the color of the vinegar occurred when using methyl orange. Different indicators were tested as if the indicator is chosen well, then the endpoint lead represent the equivalence point of the titration reaction the point when the volume of titrant is equal to the amount of analyte (the acetic acid in the vinegar). An important factor to consider is hat indicators dont change color at a specific pH.However, they do change color over a narrow range of pH values. Because vinegar has a pH of around 2. 4 the equilibrium was firmly to the left before the sodium hydroxide was added. Adding the sodium hydroxide allow begin to shift the e quilibrium to the right. As more and more swinish was added, for example with phenolphthalein, the pink eventually became so dominant that it could no longer be turned clear by swirling the beaker. If the light pink was achieved, then end point was perfectly reached and if the solution became bright pink then over-titration occurred.Although the majority of this lab occurred according to plan, there were a few minor anomalous results that occurred. For instance, the amount of NaOH used in the titration when the methyl red indicator was used was 2. 9ml. However, for one of these tests when using methyl red, the volume of NaOH required to reach the end point of the reaction was 5. 0ml. This was a clear anomalous result as it was very different from the consistent 2. 9ml of NaOH from the opposite trials. This anomalous result can be explained due to several systematic and/or random that will be discussed further on with their potential improvements.There were no error bars included i n this lab. This is due to the fact that they would be non-existent as each titration was reiterate until the exact same volume of NaOH was required to reach the end point for each different indicator at least 3 times. Figure 1 Representation of the various indicators used throughout the conduction of this lab and their pH levels. It also demonstrates their colors in acids and colors in bases as well as the color when end point is reached. This lab evidently demonstrated that phenolphthalein would be the best indicator to use.The justification for this is that every indicator has their own individual range of pH for the end points. When the end point occurs, it means there is slightly excess base. For phenolphthalein, the end point would be when the color of the solution changed into a very light pink color. As one can see from figure 2 the indicator phenolphthalein only changes color in basic solutions. This is a tenableness why it would be considered the best indicator for this experiment. This is because the end point for this experiment ranges in between a pH of 8. 2 and 10. , which as one can see is very similar to the pH ranges of phenolphthalein. This would cause the phenolphthalein to give the most accurate reading of the volume of NaOH required to reach the end point of its reaction with acetic acid. The reason the other indicators may not give the most accurate readings can be seen from the diagram below Graph 2 This graph represents a simple visual of the effect of different indicators on the volume of base required to reach end point with an acid. The green block above represents the phenolphthalein in this lab as it has its pH ranges on the break of the curve.This means that the color change will be accurate in terms of ever-changing color at the break point of the reaction Evaluation There are a variety of ways this lab could be furthered. This lab was through with(p) using a strong base (NaOH) and a pallid acid (acetic acid). A way that th is lab could be furthered would be to do the exact same lab using a weak base and a strong acid such as NH4OH (ammonium hydroxide which is a weak base) the same weak acid (acetic acid). This would skew the results in that a ofttimes(prenominal) higher volume of base would be required to reach end point with the acid. This is because it would be much more difficult to shift equilibrium o the right. For example, the phenolphthalein indicator only turns the solution pink in basic solutions. Because a weak base is what will be used, it would take much more base in order to reach end point of the reaction. There were a few errors that could have been modify throughout the conduction of this lab. One of the major errors occurred prior to the actual titration itself. This error occurred when the sodium hydroxide solution was being created. When the sodium hydroxide was being created, 1g of stiff sodium hydroxide pellets had to be weighed using an electronic balance and then fix in a v olumetric flask.After this water was added to the sodium hydroxide pellets and diluted to the 150ml mark. The pellets were left in a dish in the open while we were getting other materials set up. This was definitely an error as the sodium hydroxide pellets absorb moisture from the air. This means that the sodium hydroxide was actually becoming heavier than 1g as it began absorbing his moisture. This affected results as there was a higher concentration of sodium hydroxide in the water than recorded. This could have affected the results in that less sodium hydroxide would have been required to reach the end point of the reaction.This would be considered a systematic error as the slightly increased mass of the NaOH would have been used for every trial as the same blood of NaOH was used throughout. An improvement to this error would be to not put the sodium hydroxide pellets into the volumetric flask until the very last second. Also, the sodium hydroxide was put into the volumetric fla sk and then the water was added, however adding the water first could minimize the time that the solid sodium hydroxide is left in the air.This amount in the procedure could also be improved if it were possible to purchase this solid sodium hydroxide already measured out in grams so that they would only be in the open for a matter of seconds as they were being transferred into the volumetric flask. A systematic error that occurred throughout the process of this lab was over-titration. Over titration is when too much of the base is added to the solution and the reaction passes end point. For example, the color that one would attempt to achieve when perfectly titrating using phenolphthalein is a light pink color.However, for all of our trials the solution turned a bright fuchsia color when using phenolphthalein implying it had over-titrated. This error could definitely have been improved. The improvement for this error would be to use a burette with a smaller opening. This would allo w decreased room for the error of over-titration. This is because one would have more control over the volume of base released by the burette allowing for more control. Another systematic error that occurred repeatedly throughout the conduction of this lab was that the temperature of the room did not stay constant.Therefore, the temperature of the solutions including the indicators was not constant. Temperature changes could have occurred in the lab without being noted. This is a problem as it slightly changes the color change pH range of indicators. As one can see below, these are the effects on various common indicators color change ranges with an increase in temperature Table 3 Table representing common indicators and the effect of changing temperature drastically on the color change range. Although the temperature would not have fluctuated drastically in the classroom there were still potential fluctuations that were not accounted for.This would have caused the end point to appe ar to be occurring at different times than expected for that indicator. The way this error could be improved would be to conduct the lab in an area where the temperature is closely and easily monitored. Conducting this lab in a classroom with the door frequently opening and shutting let in a drawing therefore this lab should be conducted in an area with no interruptions that may effect temperature. Also, temperature can be monitored so that it can be at least accounted for in ones results and the changes in temperature can be used as an explanation for the behaviour of the indicators in each test.Another section of the procedure of this lab that requires improvement relates to the indicators used. The indicators used throughout the process of this lab had pH ranges of around 2-3 increments. For example, phenolphthalein changes color over a pH range of around 8-10. This means that one would not be able to tell exactly what pH the final solution was when it reached end point from the indicator. This could be improved if indicators were produced that did not have a range of pH values in which they change color but one specific pH range where it changes the color of the solution.This would improve the lab as it would allow scientists to know exactly at which pH the end point of the reaction was reached exactly when it happens. For example, this specific experiment is supposed to reach end point between pH values 8-10, however having an indicator that changes color at pH 8, one that changes color at pH 9 and one at 10 would allow for a more accurate result. An additional random error that occurred throughout the process of this lab was that rarely a drop of NaOH wouldnt come out of the burette completely straight and would end up getting stuck to the side of the beaker.This would have caused the volume of NaOH required to reach end point of the reaction to appear greater than it actually was. This is because NaOH was leaving the burette but not going into the beak er containing the vinegar and indicator. Although one cannot control the behaviour of the burette with the NaOH other than potentially using a burette with a thinner opening allowing for less room for the NaOH to fall from obscure angles, one can control beaker size.By change magnitude the size of the beaker containing the vinegar and the indicator, one is able to reduce the likelihood of the NaOH not going directly into that beaker. This would mean that there wouldnt be as much NaOH lost from the burette that isnt accounted for. Often in the real world, titration experiments are performed regularly. This is because titration is a process of determining the concentration of a substance in an incomprehensible solution, in which a known reagent is added to that unknown solution in order to produce a known reaction such as a color change.A real world example of this is biodiesel production. Acid-base titrations are used in the production of biodiesel in order to subside the acidity of waste vegetable oil (one of the of import ingredients in biodiesel production). pH paper is used to test a small sample in order to represent the pH of the entire batch. This allows one to determine how much base is required to achieve the desired pH. Bibliography Websites Chemical Analysis by Acid-Base Titration. AcidBaseTitration. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . ChemTeacher. ChemTeacher. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . Sample Lab Report. Sample Lab Report. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . Titration Lab Report. Titration Lab Report. N. p. , n. d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . Books Textbook Talbot, Chris. Chemistry for the IB Diploma. London Hodder Murray, 2009. Print.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Blood Brothers Essay

Her gestures towards Eddy were sooner fidgety, she was always fretting over him- making sure his clothes and hair was uninfected so he looked respectful. This constant need to make Eddy look neat would be so the Lyons family kept up their reputation and Mrs. Lyons may stupefy excessively been trying to cover up ein truth interchangeableness amid rice paddy and Eddy, so she was constantly fidgeting over him. This attitude was also reflected in the aviation she generated, as she was always quite nervous and twitchy, because she was always worried that the public or her husband would find out that Eddy wasnt her child and that he was the offspring of a working class family.You can compute this nervous attitude from her facial expression as she always carried a worried look, and also from her body language as her hands always flustered nervously. Mrs. Lyons relationship with Mrs. Johnstone got more impersonal as the sport went on. They stood further apart from one other and they spoke in raised contributions. Mrs. Lyons was very protective of Eddy so she walked and sat very close to him all the time and didnt kindred cutaneous senses that she has no control over him. Narrator Phillip Stewart I think that the narrator was the character that had the highest status on stage.He didnt emotionally relate to any of the characters. You could see this reflection of impersonality towards the characters when he was face to face with a distraught Mrs. Johnstone or an excited Mickey his facial expression didnt alter, showing he had no understanding of the characters emotions. The event that the narrator didnt relate to any of the characters, means that they fear the narrator and are intimidated by him. Further more, the fact that the characters were actually aware of the narrator is unusual as most narrators are kept separate from the characters.This may be because the narrator acted as something more spiritual, like he was a figure of destiny or life who is movin g the actors around like chess pieces. He would creep up on people, or pull them away as he had the power to do this. He stood tall, had a domineering presence and was the person with the most authority. His accent, like his costume, was neutral, his tone was quite deep and the volume of his voice was load throughout the whole of the play. Mickey Johnstone Stephen Palfreman Mickey was brought up in the Johnstone family so he had the alike(p) accent as his mother- Liverpudlian.7-8yrs He was amazingly energetic and he completely took over the stage when he came on. He shouted, ran around madly, spoke in a high-pitched voice, muddle up his word and so reflected a septenary year old boy in a physical and intellectual state. When he first came on stage he was banging on his door and sat down like this He started picking his nose e. t. c. He fidgeted constantly, scratching himself, and typically stint his jumper over his legs. To reflect his age he spent a lot of time on the floor, as it was an adult playing a seven year old this made him look shorter.He was very over powering, so when he was talking to the other characters there was about an inch betwixt them-nearly nose to nose, so obviously like any seven year old he had no sense of personal boundaries. 12-14yrs At this age he was desperately trying to motivate Linda so he was doing typical guy poses and walking with a skip in his step to try and look composed. He also talked to her in a deep, what he thought to be, manly voice. He really wanted to impress Linda but he was also very nervous especially in Act two, Scene 1 when Linda asks Mickey to help him over the gate and as he approaches her she screams be dark, be gentle Which puts him off completely 18+ straight off he seemed a lot more serious because as hes on his own. When hes in prison you could see him slowly going mad. The carefree attitude he used to have had now disappeared. He was always very edgy, and he barely moved. In prison he was edgy but he felt safe, once he was out of prison he got even worse. He got angry with Linda when he didnt get his tablets and he was constantly sweating. His relationship towards Linda was reflected in his body language, as he seemed to close up showing affection towards her and never liked standing to close to any one.This distance was in contrast to the seven year old Mickey. Eddy Lyons -Mark Hutchinson Eddy took after his mother in his accent as his was also quite posh. The tone of his voice was quite feminine and it was like this through all ages. 7-8yrs Unlike Mickey, Eddys voice was quieter and his movements were timid but once he was with Mickey and wasnt being over shadowed by his mother he could let go. A typical example of this would be when Eddy, Mickey and Linda get caught by the police throwing stones through windows, and the policeman asks him Whats your name? And Eddy replies Adolph Hitler So you can see that Eddy could be brave, even more so than Mickey and Linda, he fa ir needed to be let out of his shell. Eddys lexis was a lot different to Mickeys as he used words like smashing and goodness whereas most of Mickeys lexis consisted of entrust words. Eddy didnt seem to change that much from the age of 7-18 years old. He still has quite a feminine voice he just sounded matured. As he grew up Eddy spent less time on the floor so he was taller, Mickey also used this tactic.Also, Mickey didnt influence him quite as much. Eddys relationship with the characters was reflected in his distance between them and his body language. When Mrs. Lyons was fidgeting over him he act to stop her. At first the distance between him and Mrs. Johnstone was far but as the play went on they got closer showing that their relationship was growing closer. Linda Louise Clayton Linda 7-8yrs She had come from the same class as Mickey so she had a Liverpudlian accent too. Her voice was quite high pitched she was also very energetic.Her gestures and the distance between her and the other characters reflected her affectionate personality and like Mickey she had no sense of personal boundaries but she was a little more gentile than Mickey was 12-14yrs Now she was very confident(p) especially towards Mickey. She was constantly telling Mickey that she loved him in public even though he didnt really like it that much. Her gestures were quite sexy towards Mickey as was her movement-swaying her hips as she walked was one example. 18+ Her tone was now a lot more mature and so were her clothes.When she went to go and visit Mickey in prison she always put on a happy face. As she was older she had more responsibilities so she wasnt as energetic and happy as she used to be. Marriage seemed to have trapped Linda and all she wanted to do was to go back to her old carefree life. This was credibly why she kissed Eddy because it was like starting again but you could always see that she still really cared for Mickey. Once Mickey was out of jail Linda tried to get close to him and to understand him but he just turned her away.The fact that she stayed with him showed just how much she cared for him. Her body language and gestures towards him werent as confident as they were when she was fourteen. It was Mickey who had the most comical value out of all the characters. When he first made his appearance in Act 1, Scene 2 as a seven year old, fidgeting madly and pulling his jumper over his knees it was really funny. When he was a teenager and he was trying to impress Linda he spoke in a deep voice, which made the whole audience laugh out load When sadder moments in the play came the lights were usually blue.The nett scene of the play was a mixture of passion, fear, tension and sadness. When you were sitting on the edge of your seat wondering who was going to shoot whom, you could sense the tension in the auditorium. You could see the passion between Mickey and Eddy as they found out they were brothers from just looking at their faces and the fear from Mrs . Johnstone and Mrs. , Lyons as they feared that Mickey was going to kill Eddy. I thought that the play was very thought provoking as it made you think about the affectionate injustice of our society today.This social injustice was the plays main theme along with superstition as the narrator frequently quoted superstitions like-new shoes on the table. Social Injustice is the groundwork of many other plays like Teechers by John Godber. This play sends the message through the ideal of school, and the social injustice at the school. I really enjoyed the play and I would definitely go and see it again. I thought that all of the actors performed their characters brilliantly and showed absolute commitment to their role throughout the whole of the play. They seemed to have got into their characters and bonk them of by heart.

Monday, May 20, 2019

Difficult for the reader to feel much affection for the protagonist Essay

It is difficult for the reviewer to ascertain much affection for the protagonist in Wolffs memoir. Do you agree? This Boys Life, set in America in the 1950s, is a stimulate memoir by Tobias Wolff, whom recreates the frustrations and cruelties faced throughout his adolescence, as he fights for personal individuality and self-respect. During this period of epoch, America underwent major(ip) changes in the political and economic spheres, which in turn were responsible for its social make all over. Society in this time was geared toward family marriage and children being part of the national agenda. The 1950s was also an age of male dominance, where rase if women worked, their assumed proper place was at home. Throughout the memoir, the protagonist, young scalawag Wolff, makes it difficult for the contributor to feel much affection towards him, as his actions enkindle to be troublesome and unruly. However, as the memoir progresses, jack skin reveal the reasons for his actions which sequentially shape his character, providing the readers with understanding and benignity towards his inexorable situation.The fraudulent lies and deceitful ways of diddlysquat can be frustrating upon the reader though we come to realise that he does this in consecrate to be accepted by the people around him. Jack also engages in fights and unfaithfully betrays his crush friend Arthur, although it becomes discernible that he only does this in order to gain Dwights approval of him. The drop of a real father figure in Jacks life has a incomprehensible impact on him and his desperate attempt to develop his identity, which further supports the readers emotions of reason towards him. Jack lies relentlessly in order to escape the grim circumstances of his childhood. His life is fuelled with emotional neglect and verbal abuse Dwight, his indignant step father, being the foremost cause. He desires of transforming himself into the person that he truly wants to be an image he bel ieves will help him to belong and to be talented. The lies he tells are a constant source of facilitate for him, as he relies on them to provide stability and hope in his otherwise unstable life. I couldnt help unless try to introduce new versions of myself as my interests changed, and as other versions failed to submit, demonstrates an essential part of Jacks character, as he lies in order to fit in.His identity would change with the different people he met, in order to meet their expectations of him and to obtain their acceptance. This greatly contributes to the kindness matte for Jack, as he renders the reality that he finds so difficult to accept as a young boy. Among many other liesthroughout the memoir, Jack has the intention of creating a new identity for himself. It was justness known only to me, but I believed in it more than I believed in the facts arrayed against it. I believed that in some sense not factually verifiable I was a straight-A student. At this point, Jack takes his re-creation of identity to a new level. Jack is expelly aware of what he is doing, although he does not stop. His incessant lies and then believing that they are the actual truth continuously reoccur throughout the memoir. This serves to manifest his insecurity of who he was, and his imprudent belief that he had the ability to become something better than what he was. jack fabricated attempts to re-create new versions of himself, reveal his instinctive lying nature, thus contributing to the annoyance the readers now and again feel towards him. However, it becomes clear that Jack is abrupt he wants to belong. This misperception, and yearn to fit in explicates why feelings of sympathy by the readers towards Jack are inevitable. Jack is forced to live with his ruffianly stepfather Dwight. Dwight cruelly exercises authority over Jack, in order to create a sense of dominance over him Dwight would dump a rush of nuts on the floor of the utility room and purge me to w ork with a knife and twain of pliers until he judged that Id done enough for the night. Because of this, Jack is determined to promote to Dwight, himself and the reader that he is not the person Dwight defines him as. Jack is not hurt by Dwights accusations that he is a thief and liar because I did not see myself that way.However, when Dwight calls Jack a sissy, Jack thinks of Arthur, who is his best friend and the biggest sissy in school, and remembers how the word sparked the fight between him and Arthur. Dwight treated Jack other than for a few days with certain deference Dwight took the calls and explained that the papers had been ruined in a fight, adding that his boy Jack hung a real shiner on the Gayle kid. This was the only time he expressed a genuine interest in Jack that bordered on admiration, rather than disgust. Dwight was always associated with hatred and negativity, but because of this certain deference after he fought, Jack felt a certain connection to him as a fa ther figure. He felt as though he finally impressed Dwight, and even up felt loved because of Dwights respect towards him. This discloses that Dwights actions had significant influence over Jack, as he continued to engage in these wild fights, in order to demonstrate his masculinity toDwight.Jacks angry nature is driven by his belief that he has to prove his masculinity to Dwight. This attests annoyance within the reader as Jack claims he defined myself in opposition to him, he ironically shares the traits of Dwight, such(prenominal) as violence and his desire to be regarded as powerful and masculine. However, Dwights deference towards Jack after he fought contrastingly draws sympathy for Jack from the readers, as it reveals his desire to belong his desire to be loved. Jacks friendship with Arthur plays a significant role in the re-creation of his identity. Arthur was recognised as a disreputable sissy, and because of this Jack worried of the social implications it would conseq uently have on him by being friends with Arthur. To put myself in the clear I habitually mocked Arthur, always behind his back, imitating his speech and way of walking, even betraying his secrets, demonstrates Jacks desperation to acquire acceptance from others, even if it meant denying a part of himself- a friendship- that actually made him happy at times but I had withheld my friendship, because I was afraid of what it would cost me.Jacks lese majesty of Arthur imparts offense in the reader, as he attempts to impress people who are not his real friends. However his confused identity and lack of self-confidence justify his disloyal actions, particularly because of the circumstances he was faced with at such a young age. Parental neglect plays an important role throughout the memoir. This is first evident in the text when Jack says after all, he was in Connecticut and we were in Utah, signifying the real(a) physical and emotional distance between his birth father and himself. Fat hers play an important role in their childs upbringing and development. Due to this lacking in Jacks life, the responsibilities of growing up prove to be difficult for him, evident through his confused identity and troublesome ways. Furthermore, Rosemarys x Roy plays a significant role in shaping the way Jack thinks and reasons, particularly from such a young and susceptible age. I thought Roy was what a man should be, reveals Jacks naivety at such a young age as Roy, abusive and indignant, was in fact the complete opposite of what a man should be.Wolff is once again faced with a man, Dwight, who abuses him and sets a odious example for him. His violent nature plays a major part in Jacks development, which lastly forms his identity. Dwights actions have such an influence that Jack writes about Dwights voice being present inhis head and own voice, even as an adult even as a father. I hear his voice in my own when I speak to my children in anger. The sympathy felt by the readers for Jack is inevitable, as his brutal childhood is left with him for the rest of his life. Although Jack makes it difficult for the reader to feel much affection towards him on some occasions, the abusive, neglectful and violent experiences he is confronted with at such a young and vulnerable age conveys a sense of understanding, which in turn rouse feelings of sympathy towards young Wolff.Jack lies constantly whenever he is presented with the opportunity to. This frustrates the reader is some instances. Generally though, reasons for this are understandable, such as his confused identity due to the violent and emotionally unstable life he lives. The violent fights he associates himself with, and the betrayal of his best-friend Arthur, leave the readers in a position to question whether his motives can be justifiable. However, these fights and betrayal are a reflection of his desire to be accepted by others, and the masculine, powerful man Dwights expects him to be. The lack of a real f ather figure largely affects Jack and all aspects of his character, from his deceitful ways, to his violent involvement in fights. Because of this, compassion and sympathy prevails over the occasional frustration felt towards Jack by the readers. In supposition, Jack is a helpless child seeking a happy life an identity he is truly happy with.

Allowing for Inflation and Taxation

ALLOWING FOR INFLATION AND TAXATIONQ1. Ethan Co is evaluating Project Z, which requires an initial set upment of $45,000. Expected sack bullion flows are $16,000 per annum for two socio-economic classs at todays prices. However, these are expected to rise by 3.7% pa because of inflation. The firms m unitaryy damage of pileus is 11%. Find the NPV by usher outing money property flows. (MCQ)Years property flows ($) money property flows ($)0 (45,000) (45,000)1 16,000 1.037 16,5922 16,000 (1.037)2 17,206$(11,202)$(13,000)$16,079$(16,079)(2 marks)Q2. Philip Co.s selling prices variable costs of construction are $ two hundred,000 $100,000 respectively and are in actual price terms before allowing inflation of 3%/annum on selling price 4%/annum on variable cost. Fixed cost for the twelvemonth is $70,000 before inflation of 2%/annum. Calculate the levyable cash flows for yr 2 and fill in the table given below. (FIB)3714752222 five hundred$ (2 marks)Q3. A project has the fol lowing(a) cash flows before allowing for inflation. The companys money discount rate is 13.5%. The customary rate of inflation is expected to remain unvaried at 5%. Evaluate the NPV by using real cash flows and real discount evaluate (MCQ)Year Cash flow ($000)0 (600)1 2402 500$31,000$36,300$51,000$53,500(2 marks)Q4. GW Co. is expecting a net of tax receipt of $8,000 (in real terms) in one years time. If GW Co. expects inflation to increase, what impact allow for this have on the stick in value of that receipt? (MCQ)ReduceNilCannot sayIncrease(2 marks)Q5. Which of the following somewhat the inflation values included in the nominal cost of hood is correct?The expected general inflation suffered by the investorsThe previous general inflation suffered by the investorsIt is item historic to the businessIt is expected specific to the business(2 marks)Q6. DC Co. has a 31st December year end pays corporation tax at a rate of 24%, 12 months after the end to which the cash flow re lates. It can claim tax allowable dispraise at a rate of 25% simplification balance. It pays $3m for a machine on 31st December 20X1. DC Co.s cost of upper-case letter is 10%.At cost of capital 10%, what is the present value on 31st December 20X1 of the benefit of the first portion of tax allowable depreciation? (MCQ)$750,000$163,620$180,000$148,680(2 marks)Q7. Ghost Co. needs to have $400,000 working capital immediately for the three-year project. The amount give stay invariant in real terms. Inflation is running at 7% per annum, and Ghost Co.s money cost of capital is 14%. What will be the net present value of working capital? Give suffice to the nearest number. (FIB)3708407112000$ (2 marks)Q8. The investment is $200,000 the capital allowances will be calculated on the basis of 25% reducing balance basis. The tax rate is 27% which will be salaried in arrears. Calculate the capital allowances for year three when the project life is foursome years? (MCQ)$13,500$10,125$7,594$ 22,781(2 marks)Q9. Joseph a project manager plans to invest $500,000 in a new project. His company pays a corporation tax of $28% per annum with tax indebtedness settled in the year in which it swots. The tax allowable depreciation can be claimed on the cost of the investment on a straight line basis over the projects life of four years. What will be the balancing charge/allowance for the company? (MCQ) $125,000 ( balance press)$360,000 (Balancing perimeter)$360,000 (Balancing Charge)$140,000 (Balancing Allowance)(2 marks)Q10.The following information relates to two machines railway car 1 Machine 2Investment $100,000 $50,000Tax allowable depreciation 25% Reducing Balance 25% Reducing BalanceProject spirit 2 years 2 yearsScrap value $50,000 $50,000Capital Allowance start Year 0 Year 1The corporation tax rate is 30%. State whether Balancing Allowance or Charge will arise for Machine 1 Machine 2. (MCQ)M1 Balancing Charge / M2 Balancing AllowanceM1 Balancing Allowance / M2 Balancin g ChargeM1 M2 Balancing ChargeM1 M2 Balancing Allowance(2 marks)Q11. A project has the following projected cash inflowsYear 1 $50,000Year 2 $75,000Year 3 $105,000 working(a) capital is required to be in place at the start of each year capable to 5% of the cash inflow for that year. Cost of capital is 8%. What is the present value of the working capital? (FIB)3714751905000$ (2 marks)Q12. A companys expected gross sales for the new venture to be 10,000 units per year. The selling price is expected to be $5 per unit in the first year, inflating by 4% per year over the three year life of the project. Working capital equal to 8% of annual sales is required and needs to be in place at the start of each year. Calculate the working capital increment needed in year 2? (MCQ)$(4,160)$(160)$4,480$0(2 marks)Q13. Tec Co. is planning to invest in a three-year project having following details Revenue for year 1 $150,000, year 2 $175,000 & year 3 $120,000. 12% of sales will be required as worki ng capital at the start of each year end. Calculate incremental working capital for year three? (FIB)3714752222500$ (2 marks)Q14. Working capital of each year is 3% of sales which will be required at the start of each year. The sales will dilate by 2% per year and the sales are as followsYear 1 $300,000Year 2 $445,000Year 3 $267,700Calculate Present value using cost of capital of 4%. (MCQ)$(4,271)$5,023$7,281$(1,147)(2 marks)ALLOWING FOR INFLATION AND TAXATION (ANSWERS)Q1. DMoney cash flows ($) Discount rate (11%) Present value ($)(45,000) 1 (45,000)16,592 0.901 14,95017,206 0.812 13,971NPV (16,079)Q2. $31,000Costs Inflation Year 2 ($000)Sales Revenue 200 (1.03)2 212Variable Cost 100 (1.04)2 (108)Fixed Cost 70 (1.02)2 (73)Taxable cash flows 31Q3. CReal rate (1+ 13.5%) (1+ 5%) 1 = 8%Year Cash flow ($000) Discount factor 8% Present value ($000)0 (600) 1 (600)1 240 0.926 2222 500 0.857 429NPV 51Q4. BHigh expectation of inflation will have following effectsHigher nominal discount rateHigh expected nominal cash flowExact cancellation of each otherQ5. AThe inflation included in the nominal cost of capital is required by the investors to compensate them for the loss of general purchasing power their money will suffer in the future as a result of investing in the business.Q6. $163,620The asset is purchased on 31st December 20X1, so the first portion of tax allowable depreciation is accounted for on the duration (as this the year-end). The amount of depreciation would be $3m 25% = $750,000.Claiming this allowance will save ($750,000 24 %=) $180,000 tax when it is paid one year in arrears hence the $180,000 0.909 (DF 10%) = $163,620Q7. $ 138,472The working capital required will inflate year on year, then the inflated amount will be returned at the end of the project.Year Cash flow growing (7%) Discount Factor (14%) Present Value0 (400,000) (400,000) 1 (400,000)1 428,000 (28,000) 0.877 (24,556)2 457,960 (29,960) 0.769 (23,039)3 0 457,960 0.675 309,123NPV -138 ,472Q8. CYear Working Capital Allowance Tax Benefit1 (200,000 25%) 50,000 27% 13,5002 (150,000 25%) 37,500 27% 10,1253 (112,500 25%) 28,125 27% 7,5944 84,375 27% 22,781Balancing Allowance/Charge (Year 4)200,000 (50,000+37,500+28,125) = 84,375 (Balancing allowance)Q9. B$500,000 4 years = $125,000$125,000 28% (tax rate) = $35,000$35,000 4 years = $140,000$500,000 $140,000 =$360,000 (Balance Allowance)Q10. BMachine 1Year 0 100,000 25% 25,000 30% 7,5001 75,000 25% 18,750 30% 5,6252 100.000 (25,000+18,750) = 56,250 50,000 = 6,250 6,250 30% 1,875 (B.A)Machine 2Year 0 1 50,000 25% 12,500 30% 3,7502 50,000 (12,500) = 37,50037,500 50,000 = (12,500) (12,500) 30% (3,750) (B.C)Q11. $ -868Year Cash flow ($) Increment (5%) Discount factor (8%) Present value ($)0 2,500 (2,500) 1 (2,500)1 3,750 (1,250) 0.926 (1,158)2 5,250 (1,500) 0.842 (1,263)3 0 5,250 0.772 4,053-868Q12. BYear Selling price inflation (4%) Working capital ($) (8%) Increment (5%)0 4,160 (4,160)1 $5.2 10,000 = 52,000 4,320 (160)2 $5.4 10,000 = 54,000 4.480 (160)3 $5.6 10,000 = 56,000 4,4800Q13. $14,400Year 0 1 2 312% of Sales revenue $18,000 $21,000 $14,400Required WC at end 18,000 21,000 18,000 21,000 14,400 incremental (18,000) (3,000) 6,600 14,400Q14. DYear Inflated Sales ($) Working Capital ($) Incremental WC ($) Discount Factor (4%) Present value ($)0 9,180 (9,180) 1 (9,180)1 306,000 13,620 (4,440) 0.962 (4,271)2 454,000 8,190 5,430 0.925 5,0233 273,000 8,190 0.889 7,281NPV (1,147)